“These are the people who can either choose to support us, or choose to destroy our lives and our lands with their international development projects?”
This was Ruth Alipaz’s first impression as a delegate this past April to the 17th session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Alipaz is an environmental activist from the northeastern lowlands of Bolivia who has devoted her life to fighting against mega-dam projects in San José de Uchupiamonas, a community of 750 Indigenous Tacana–Quechua peoples. The Bolivian government supports dam projects that Alipaz said would “displace more than 5,000 Indigenous people.” But when she traveled the 4,000 miles to New York City from her home at the confluence of the Beni, Tuichi, and Quiquibey rivers, the organizers allotted her only three minutes to speak. “I kept asking myself: what is really going on here? Who is this space really for?” she said. “Explaining how government authorities and powerful institutions keep coming and violating your rights systematically—who could possibly explain that in three minutes?”
Alipaz’s frustrations are especially concerning in light of this year’s report of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the rights of indigenous peoples, which will be presented to the Third Committee on Oct. 12 by Victoria Tauli-Corpuz. In her report, Tauli-Corpuz highlights such issues as attacks against and criminalization of Indigenous peoples; lack of consultation and free, prior and informed consent; and the rights of Indigenous peoples in isolation as sites of extreme concern that require immediate action. Yet, despite the fact that Indigenous peoples make up approximately 15 percent of the impoverished people of the world and inhabit 80 percent of the world’s biodiverse lands, no items on the 73rd UNGA schedule directly addressed Indigenous issues and only two of over 300 listed resolutions up for debate this session even mentioned the word “Indigenous.” Given the disproportionate impact on Indigenous peoples of such big-ticket UN issues as climate change, poverty and land rights, the omission is glaring.
How to include Indigenous peoples in the work of the United Nations has been a point of contention ever since the ratification of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted in 2007. In 2016, then-president of the General Assembly Mogens Lykketoft appointed a special committee to advise on improving the participation of these populations, but its final report asked: how can a few Indigenous delegates from around the world possibly represent all Indigenous peoples? The committee did not have an answer. Now, there is a new proposed solution in the works--in the form of an app.
Now There's an App for That
Last year, during a high-level event of the General Assembly, a coalition of states along with the European Union and the International Labour Organization announced a new technology for monitoring the rights of Indigenous people. The proposal was a web application called “Indigenous Navigator,” designed to enable native peoples to monitor their rights from within their communities. The project is extremely seductive: why rely on the General Assembly to represent Indigenous peoples when they can represent themselves—remotely and via cutting-edge data-collecting technology? Could an app be the answer to over a decade of failed attempts to include Indigenous peoples in the international body?
The web application, which officially launched in 11 countries early this year, is comprised of four “community-based monitoring tools” that are designed to bridge the gap between Indigenous rights implementation and the United Nations goals. The toolbox, which is available open-access to anyone with internet, consists of: a set of two impressively comprehensive surveys designed to collect data on Indigenous rights at a community and national level; a comparative matrix that illustrates the links between the UN Declaration on Indigenous Rights and the UN development goals; an index designed to quickly compare Indigenous realities across communities, regions, or states; and a set of indicators designed to measure the realization of Indigenous rights in communities or states. The surveys are divided by sections based on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and include such categories as cultural integrity, land rights, access to justice, health, cross-border contacts, freedom of expression and media, education, and economic and social development. The surveys also include tips for methodological administration. For example, in questions about poverty rates in the community, a tip provided reads: “Most people/communities have their own criteria for defining who are poor and who are not poor. Here you are asked to estimate how many of the men of your people/community are considered poor, according to your own criteria for poverty.” It then suggests that it may be helpful to first discuss what are the perceived characteristics of a poor person within the community, before answering the question.
Hernán Ávila Montaño is the directorof Bolivia’s Center for Legal Studies and Social Research and he has overseen the tool’s implementation in two Bolivian territories. The goal of the project, he said, “is to measure the level of respect for the rights of Indigenous peoples in different areas of their lives,” by surveying their economies, safety, land, access to education and health, access to water, and food security. In Bolivia, the stage of collecting preliminary data wrapped up a few weeks ago. Ávila Montaño’s organization ensured that the surveys were accessible by having a team of Indigenous technicians oversee the app’s implementation in over 60 communities. Over the past eight months, the team traveled by land and canoe to each community, equipped with pens and paper printouts of the surveys translated into Chiquatanía and Quechua, as well as non-verbal visual aids. They called communal meetings and administered the surveys, Ávila Montaño said. Still, the process was hard. “The communities practically had to be working on it all of the day and late into the night, sometimes into the next morning. It is very dense,” he said. “But they also understood that the information we are collecting is very important to support their own rights.”
The European Union is currently evaluating Bolivia’s data, and Ávila Montaño expects the results to be published within the next few weeks. After that, he said, the plan is for the EU and other international partners to propose projects based on the community needs the app has indicated, such as “a water treatment project in Lomerío or a food security project in Tapacarí.” Nonetheless, he said, the app is no panacea. “What the instruments ought to do is demonstrate a reality,” he said. “They by themselves are not going to create policy change.”
Bolivia is, in many ways, a tailor-made candidate for the app. The western Andean country signed the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention 169 into its new constitution in 2009. In Bolivia these “are not just any laws, they are some of the most important laws,” said Ávila Montaño, meaning that, at least in Bolivia’s case, the Indigenous Navigator is just as much a tool of monitoring national and regional law as it is a means of monitoring UN goals.Ironically, the fact that Bolivia has enshrined the UN Indigenous rights declaration in law reflects the limitations of the Navigator as a one-size-fits-all solution for all 11 countries across four continents that are implementing the app. The four tools are, atleast in the Bolivian context, in many ways obsolete. Bolivian indigenous peoples do not need help in recognizing their rights as articulated by the UN: these guidelines are already enshrined in law, by their own president. Despite this fact, Evo Morales and his Movimiento al Socialismo party (Movement Towards Socialism, MAS) continue to propagate and enact anti-Indigenous projects, especially in the Amazonian lowlands. This brings the usefulness of the Indigenous Navigator tools into question. If a majority-Indigenous government officially recognizes Indigenous rights yet still continues to violate those same rights, how will a set of surveys change state behavior?
Indigenous Data: Empowering or Exploitative?
Jane Anderson, an intellectual property lawyer who focuses on Indigenous rights, is skeptical about a tech solution to the issue of Indigenous representation. “The reduction of complex social and economic problems into numerical statistics? That is very problematic. If the fight for land rights, for example, is reduced to a number, what does that change?” she asked. “You cannot actually reduce the political, cultural and economic violences that indigenous people have experienced to a statistic. These are lived experiences, not numbers.” Furthermore, Anderson is wary of the all-too-familiar power dynamic between Western researchers and indigenous subjects. “To extract data in this way, when the indigenous people are minimally involved in the creation and implementation of the tools,” she said, “they become test subjects.”
However, Anderson was critical of any project that proposes to improve Indigenous representation in the UN body—app or no app—and said that a localized, grassroots approach to fight for indigenous rights is much more effective. “It is difficult to remedy the fact that indigenous people are very late to entering the international world order,” she said. Indigenous rights were not officially recognized by the United Nations until 2007, and the declaration had been up for debate for nearly 30 years—with the United States and Canada as two of the prominent opposers. “That tells you an enormous amount about the resistance to recognizing Indigenous peoples, and the compromises that Indigenous peoples had to make to be recognized,” she said. Despite good intentions, Anderson said the UN “cannot substantively or fundamentally address Indigenous issues. To do that, you would have to question the very nature of statehood—and of course, the UN does not want to do that.”
Not everyone shares Anderson’s skepticism. Américo Mendoza-Mori is from Ica, Peru and founded the Quechua language program at the University of Pennsylvania. Mendoza-Mori has been involved in various UN initiatives for Indigenous peoples, and two years ago he was invited to speak at the General Assembly about the relevance of Indigenous languages in urban areas because “they wanted to question stereotypes of what it means to be an Indigenous subject.”
Although Mendoza-Mori agrees that it is difficult to prioritize Indigenous issues at the General Assembly, he speaks highly of UN initiatives that happen outside of the annual three weeks of high-level debate in early autumn. “What they are doing now, which I like, is that they are traveling more. This year they traveled to Bolivia, for example, and are trying to connect with and learn from Indigenous leaders there,” he said. He also noted that the UN has made a point of creating diplomacy internship opportunities specifically for Indigenous leaders, which has lead to the permanent appointment of Indigenous peoples in UN offices such as Miriam Masaquiza, a Kichwa woman from rural Ecuador, who has worked for the UN permanent forum in New York for over a decade. “At the end of the day, representation matters,” he said, adding that in many ways the UN has demonstrated that “being Indigenous is not an impediment to being global.”
The UN is the Jungle
As for the app? Alipaz sees potential, but stresses that it must be approached with caution. “It is possible this data will not be used to benefit indigenous people . . . and there is a history of extracting knowledge from indigenous people for the rest of the world’s benefit,” she said. “We already know that story.” However, “if we as the indigenous communities can use this data ourselves—directly and without intermediaries,” she said, “this could be an extremely groundbreaking and useful tool.”
And as for the UN as a forum for Indigenous peoples of the world, Alipaz said, “If you came to visit me in the Amazonian jungle, everything would be new to you, you would not know how to navigate it yourself, you would need lots of support. The UN is the jungle, for us.” But she does not rule out its potential to become a space for Indigenous empowerment. “Even though there are no definitive solutions yet, we still came for the sake of taking up space here,” she said. “We want people to know that we exist...and to acknowledge that the rest of the world is affecting our communities and our lands.”
This article was originally published by Latin American News Dispatch (LAND).
Jacquelyn Kovarik a Foreign Language Area Studies (FLAS) Fellow at New York University, where she is studying Quechua and pursuing a Masters degree in Latin American Studies and Journalism. Her research focuses on contemporary social change in Bolivia and Peru, with an emphasis on transitional justice and initiatives for well-being and resilience in Andean communities
